What is Object-Oriented Programming Language?

There are four features in OOP, which are often referred to as the four pillars. Let’s have a look at them: 

• Encapsulation 
• Inheritance 
• Polymorphism 
• Abstraction 

So, let’s learn about each one by one: 

Encapsulation: It is a concept of wrapping or binding the methods and variables into one unit is called encapsulation. It is a way to restrict direct access to some of an object’s components inside the class or prevent any kind of violation. It keeps the data safe and secure. Think of it like a secret place where you can hide important and valuable data. And no one will have access; only the owner will have control over it. Some of the benefits of encapsulation are that the program is highly secure and has a simple debugging process.

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
class Encap  
{ 
private: 
int age; 
public:  
string name; 
void setValue(int  a) 
( 
age=a; 
cout<<age<<endl; 
} 
}; 
main() 
{ 
Encap E; 
E.name=” Joe”; 
E.setValue(44); 
cout<<E.name<<endl; 
} 

 Inheritance: It allows to inherit properties and features from the main (parent) class to another (child) class. In simple words, it’s like a child inheriting traits from their parents. By using the concept of inheritance in the program, working with complex programs and large software becomes easy. Since the changes made in the parent class will automatically be inherited into the child class, this promotes reusability, reduces development and maintenance costs, reduces code redundancy, and supports code extensibility.

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
class Dad 
{ 
protected: string surname= “Smith”; 
}; 
class Son:Dad 
{ 
string name= ”Will”; 
public: 
void show() 
{ 
cout<<name<<” ”<<surmane; 
} 
}; 
class daughter:Dad 
{ 
string name= ”Anna”; 
public: 
void disp() 
{ 
cout<<name<<” ”<<surmane; 
} 
}; 
main() 
{ 
Son smyObj; 
smyObj.show(); 
Daughter dmyObj; 
dmyObj.disp(); 
}  

The output of this program will be Will Smith and Anna Smith. 

This is one type of inheritance, which is called a single inheritance. In this program, we saw how we can inherit the member function of the parent class of dad.    

Abstraction: It refers to the concept of hiding the underlying details and only showing the necessary information to the outside world. The abstraction concept is similar to encapsulation. To understand this, let’s take a simple real-life example of a washing machine. When we use a washing machine to wash our clothes, we simply press the button, and it automatically does it. So, we don’t need to know the internal complexity. Some of the benefits of abstraction are improve security, avoid code duplication, and increase reusability. 

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
class WashingMachine 
{ 
bool PowerOn; 
public: 
void start() 
{ 
PowerOn=true; 
cout<<”Washing Started :)”<<endl; 
} 
void dry() 
{ 
if (PowerOn) 
{ 
cout<<”Wash the clothes : )”; 
} 
else 
{ 
cout<<”Dry the clothes ”; 
} 
}; 
main() 
WashingMachine wmObj; 
wmObj.start(); 
wmObj.dry(); 

Polymorphism: In programming languages, polymorphism refers to a term that has more than one form. Polymorphism is one of the important concepts in OOP. It allows the same function to execute different behaviors. Through this feature, objects can share behaviors, or two different objects can reply to one form. Polymorphism is of two types:

• Method Overloading
• Method Overriding. 

To understand the concept in a better way, let’s take the example of a child. When the child is inside the school campus, he is a student; when he goes to the mall, he is a customer; and at home, he is a son. Some of the benefits of abstractions are code and class reusability, and with one variable, you can store multiple data types.