Top Python Advanced Interview Questions and Answers in 2024

1. What are the trending Python applications in 2024? 

Python is used to build web apps and in software development. There are also a few modern technology fields where we can see an increase in Python applications in 2024: 

• Data science, Analytics, and Visualization 
• AI and Machine learning 
• Blockchain and Smart Contracts 
• Game development 
• IoT & Embedded Systems 
• DevOps & Automation

2. What does ‘self’ mean in Python? 

An object or an instance of a class is called self. While it is optional in Java, it is included as the first parameter in Python explicitly. Self is used to distinguish between the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.

Syntax: 

Class A: 
    def func(self): 
        print("Hi") 

In the init method, the self variable refers to the newly created object. It refers to the object whose method was called in other methods.

3. How to access a module written in Python from C? 

This method can be used to access the module written in Python from C. 

Module == PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");

4. What are the different uses of the append() and extend() methods? 

Both methods help add elements at the end of a list. However: 

• To add a single element to the end of a list, use the append() method.  
• To add elements from an iterable (e.g., another list) to the end of the list, use the extend().

5. How does Python Flask handle database requests? 

To create or initiate the database in Flask, you need to install the sqlite3 command. There are three ways in which Flask handles database requests: 

• The before_request() command is used to request database before only without passing arguments. 
• The after_request() command is called after requesting the database and to send the response to the client. 
• The teardown_request() command is used where the exception is raised for the responses not guaranteed. There is no access to modify the request. 

6. What is docstring in Python? 

A docstring in Python is a string literal appearing as the first statement in a module, function, class, or method definition. It documents the purpose, usage, and behavior of the module, function, or class. Docstrings can be identified by the Python interpreter by their triple quotes.  

Syntax:

""" 
Using docstring as a comment. 
This code add two numbers 
""" 
x=7 
y=9 
z=x+y 
print(z)

7. How is multi-threading achieved in Python? 

The multi-threading package in Python increases the time taken to execute a code. Instead, the GIL constructor ensures that only a single thread is executed at one time. Because of this process, a thread works with the acquired GIL and then passes the GIL onto the next thread. This is an instant process, which gives the illusion of parallel execution to the human observer. The threads, however, take turns utilizing the same CPU core as they execute sequentially.

8. What is functional programming? Does Python follow a functional programming style? If yes, list a few methods to implement functionally oriented programming in Python. 

If the main source of logic in a program comes from functions, it is referred to as functioning coding style. Python follows functional programming. Using functional programming involves writing pure functions, which cause little or no changes outside the scope of the function. The changes, also known as side effects, are easy to test and debug.  

Examples of functional programming in Python: 

filter(): Filter lets us filter some values based on a 
conditional logic. 
list(filter(lambda x:x>6,range(9))) [7, 8] 
map(): Map applies a function to every element in an iterable. 
list(map(lambda x:x**2,range(5))) [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25] 
reduce(): Reduce repeatedly reduces a sequence pair-wise until it reaches a single value. 
from functools import reduce >>> reduce(lambda x,y:x-y,[1,2,3,4,5]) -13 

9. Which one of the following is not the correct syntax for creating a set in Python?   

• set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]]) 
• set([1,2,2,3,4,5]) 
• {1,2,3,4} 
• set((1,2,3,4)) 

set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]]) is incorrect because the argument given for the set must be iterable. 

10. Explain monkey patching in Python. 

The changes made to a class or a module during runtime are called monkey patches. This is possible in Python, as we can change the program while it is being executed.  

Example of monkey patching in Python: 

# monkeyy.py 
class X: 
    def func(self): 
        print("func() is being called") 

Here is how the behavior of a function changes at runtime with monkey patching:

import monkeyy 
def monkey_f(self): 
print("monkey_f() is being called") 
# Replacing the address of "func" with "monkey_f" 
monkeyy.X.func = monkey_f 
obj = monkeyy.X() 
# Calling the function "func" whose address was replaced with 
the function "monkey_f()" 
obj.func()

11. What are dataframes? What is its syntax? 

Dataframes are two-dimensional mutable data structures or data aligned in the tabular form with labeled axes(rows and column). 

Syntax:  

pandas.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype)

12. What is the difference between series and dataframes? 

In pandas, a Series is a one-dimensional array-like object that can hold any data type.  

A Dataframe is a two-dimensional, table-like structure with columns that are potentially typed heterogeneously. DataFrames are a collection of Series objects with the same index.

13. What is the process for merging dataframes in